I did manage to find a solution in Adobe Elements Organizer. It has a feature called Visual Similarity Search. This function does work, the interface is modern, and it can locate the desired image. However, there is a major drawback: the entire folder of photos must be added into the program’s library. In my case, this is about 1.5 million images (around 13 GB). Importing them into Elements Organizer took 14 hours, and it also created a cache file of 28 GB on my C drive. This is highly inconvenient. Nevertheless, the program did succeed in finding the image.
https://helpx.adobe.com/elements-organi ... eness.html


I would like to address the developers of XnView. Your software is of very high quality and offers excellent functionality. It would be extremely useful if you could add an image-based search feature to XnView, similar to Visual Similarity Search. Alternatively, you could release a separate program with this functionality. I would be very grateful and would gladly provide a significant donation if such a feature were implemented. I have spent several days looking for a proper solution, but all I could find were either outdated tools from the Windows 95 era or programs that do not meet the requirements. I am confident that if XnView implemented this functionality, it would be done at a professional level.